The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.Ĭoral reef ecosystems have suffered an unprecedented loss of habitat-forming hard corals in the past few decades. įunding: This project was supported by the National Environmental Science Programme Tropical Water Quality Hub (NESP TWQ) to LBE, IMM, MH, DC, NC and AS, and the Reef Restoration and Adaptation Program (RRAP) to LBE and IMM through the Centre for Tropical Water and Aquatic Ecosystem Research (TropWATER) at James Cook University (JCU). The remaining database is available from the Dryad Digital Repository. The work is made available under the Creative Commons CC0 public domain dedication.ĭata Availability: Survey data cannot be shared publicly to ensure anonymity of respondents. This is an open access article, free of all copyright, and may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose. Received: NovemAccepted: NovemPublished: January 30, 2020 PLoS ONE 15(1):Įditor: Carlo Nike Bianchi, Universita degli Studi di Genova, ITALY (2020) Coral restoration – A systematic review of current methods, successes, failures and future directions. Finally, while it is clear that practitioners have developed effective methods to successfully grow corals at small scales, it is critical not to view restoration as a replacement for meaningful action on climate change.Ĭitation: Boström-Einarsson L, Babcock RC, Bayraktarov E, Ceccarelli D, Cook N, Ferse SCA, et al. Mitigating these will be crucial to successfully scale up projects, and to retain public trust in restoration as a tool for resilience based management. These include 1) a lack of clear and achievable objectives, 2) a lack of appropriate and standardised monitoring and reporting and, 3) poorly designed projects in relation to stated objectives. To date, the relatively young field of coral restoration has been plagued by similar ‘growing pains’ as ecological restoration in other ecosystems. Overall, coral restoration projects focused primarily on fast-growing branching corals (59% of studies), and report survival between 60 and 70%. A diverse range of species are represented in the dataset, with 229 different species from 72 coral genera. Similarly, most projects are relatively small in spatial scale, with a median size of restored area of 100 m 2. We found that coral restoration case studies are dominated by short-term projects, with 60% of all projects reporting less than 18 months of monitoring of the restored sites. To address this, we aimed to synthesise the available knowledge in a comprehensive global review of coral restoration methods, incorporating data from the peer-reviewed scientific literature, complemented with grey literature and through a survey of coral restoration practitioners. However, a disconnect between coral restoration practitioners, coral reef managers and scientists has resulted in a disjointed field where it is difficult to gain an overview of existing knowledge. While marine conservation has historically focused on passive habitat protection, demand for and interest in active restoration has been growing in recent decades. Coral reef ecosystems have suffered an unprecedented loss of habitat-forming hard corals in recent decades.
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